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The Formation of a Slave Society in Colonial Virginia

When talking about slavery, Patrick Henry(1) said that he was “drawn along by the general inconvenience of living here without them.”(2) The establishment of a slave society in Colonial Virginia led to large plantation owners maintaining wealth and power over slaves, small plantation owners and others. By using racial slavery, plantation owners maintained authority by perpetuating racist sentiment toward blacks from poor whites and small plantation owners. In doing so, the large plantation owners in the seventeenth-century attempted to create a patriarchal society, using divine authority to justify the use of free slave labor. The system of slavery did not only oppress slaves, but it helped maintain a system that divided slaves and the lower class so that the large plantation owners would maintain power generation to generation.

Labor in the early colonies was originally handled by indentured servants and poor whites. They came “by forced exile, by lures, promises, and lies, by kidnapping, by their urgent need to escape the living conditions of the home country, poor people wanting to go to America became commodities of profit for merchants, traders, ship captains, and eventually their masters in America.”(3) However, eventually this labor supply either became too expensive or too scarce. The purchase of a black slave for his entire life became cheaper than to contract an indentured servant for ten years. Slavery, according to the early colonials, became necessary in Virginia due to the high demand for exporting a particular product and the lack of labor to provide that product.(4) Tobacco would eventually become that particular product, and the tobacco economy would experience cycles of booms and busts throughout its early life. Due to the size of land that was being purchased by new plantation owners, as well as a low supply of servants, the lack of adequate labor could hinder the wealth one could obtain from owning and working the land.(5) Large plantation owners began to illegally smuggle black slaves and claim head rights over their new slaves. “The great planters had ensured both a permanent, self perpetuating labor force and capital in land.”(6) Slave masters in southern colonies were speaking out about their belief in the institution of slavery during the period of forming a constitution. Rawlin Lowndes, a delegate representing the state of South Carolina said his state, without black slavery, would “soon be a desert waste” and it would “degenerate into one of the most contemptible in the union….Negroes are our wealth, our only natural resource.” (7)

One of the factors, or excuses, that plantation owners used to increase the importation of black slaves was for their agricultural experience, which was more than that of white indentured servants from England.(8) However, the market for tobacco was crashing, but in 1683, half of the crops were destroyed by a hurricane. To meet an even larger demand for a workforce, plantation owners began to directly import slaves from Africa, rather than by royal charters and the West Indies.(9) By 1698, black slaves reached nine percent of the total population of Virginia, but made over half of the bound labor force. By using a larger permanent slave workforce, as opposed to servants with expiring contracts, plantation owners could work their land more by working slaves for longer hours and in greater numbers.

The plantation owners established a slave society that led away from ideas of liberty and freedom in order to protect their economic status. The owners needed “to enslave blacks” to “establish a coercive state.”(10) Racial based statues prevented slaves from “rights of association, assembly, bearing arms, expression” as well as mobility and the right to protect oneself against “unreasonable search and seizure”. Slaves were, for the most part, also not protected from excessive violence toward them from their slave masters. One account from Isaac Jefferson, a slave of Thomas Jefferson, shows how his own slave master would not protect Isaac from a whipping by a house guest, in which Isaac claims gave him “more whippings than he has fingers and toes.” Jefferson would send Isaac to open the gates for his guest, Colonel Archibald Cary. When Isaac would not open the gates on time, Colonel Cary would “look about for him and whip him with his horsewhip.”(11)

Abusing the slaves is another way of maintaining “interests of the plantation system” so the plantation owner can have “maximum control of his economic destiny.”(12) The early colonials fought for liberty, but they fought against the interests of the lower classes by keeping slaves in a “subordinate position.” Slave masters created an image of slavery that made slaves appear to be “ignorant, helpless, and dependent as his masters said he was.”(14) These men talked of liberty and the immoral nature of slavery, but did not want to “inconvenience” the plantation owner by taking away his slaves as they did not want to see the “plantation system disappear.”(15) A Virginian politician would speak out against slavery, but he would need to satisfy the interests of his “constituents” to “do nothing to injure their interests.”(16)

Plantation owners “attempted to squeeze out class similarities” between black slaves and whites “by bringing racial distinctions to bear against the former.”(17) Slave masters had a constant concern about slave uprisings, as well as an uprising from poor whites and small plantation owners. By dividing the black slaves and whites, there would be even less of a chance of these two groups finding a common oppression, which might lead to some form of violent action toward the upper class. As Frederick Douglass said, “by encouraging the enmity of the poor, laboring white man against the Blacks, succeeded in making the said white man almost as much of a slave as the Black himself….both are plundered by the same plunderer.”(18)

Black women as slaves were important to the control of labor, as black women worked the fields and women that were indentured servants did not. Female slaves were also subject to sexual exploitation by their masters. In some southern societies, it was acceptable for a slave owner to have sexual relations with his slave. The wives of plantation owners were not able to use this act of infidelity as a means for filing for divorce, as it was socially acceptable amongst the ruling elite.(19) Slave women were not protected from unwanted sexual advances, as it was believed at the time that “black women could not be raped, since they were naturally promiscuous.”(20) At times, slave women were successful in fighting back. A slave woman by the name of Fannie Berry boasted to other slaves how she fought off the master’s sexual advances, and how the master could not mention it to anyone as he would need to explain to his wife that he was trying to rape his slave.(21) Slave women also had to tolerate witnessing their children face brutal whippings from the slave master. Women had to deal with permanent separation from their children and other family, as it was common for slave families to be torn apart as a result of the sale of their children.(22) By creating an identity for slave women as naturally sexually promiscuous, the plantation owner could maintain control over both his black slave women and his wife.

The plantation owners formed a patriarchal society in which they were the great fathers that would use divine right to oversee the lower peoples, in order to maintain their idea of a stable and functioning society. The large plantation owners “likened themselves to biblical patriarchs” and claimed they were the head of “their families and the governors of society.”(23) In 1736, the Virginia Gazette published an editorial by the publisher, Williams Perks, in which he called for the upper class to be full of virtue. When Perks used the word virtue, he is referring to the ideology of patriarchy, as he goes on to say that a patriarch is “a man…born to an Estate” that “presided over land and laborers” with the authority of divine rule.(24)

Slavery was not a system that was established just for the sake of enslaving people that are of a different color of skin. The racist attitudes toward black slaves, created by great plantation owners, were to help suppress black slaves in order for the plantation owners to maintain power over every aspect of their daily as well as structuring the lives of small plantation owners and poor whites. The racism created by the plantation owners lead to horrible racial laws which guaranteed that permanent slaves were to be treated as nothing more than chattel. The institution of slavery was for the sole purpose of exploiting free labor in order to gain as much wealth as possible by having slaves work land too large for a normal labor force to handle.
===================================
1 Patrick Henry is, among other things, famous for the quote, “Give me liberty, or give me death!”
2 Aviva Chomsky. “They Take Our Jobs!” and 20 other myths about immigration. (Beacon Press; Boston, 2007), xxi.
3 Howard Zinn. A People’s History of the United States. (Harper Perennial; New York, 2003), 43.
4 Anthony S. Parent Jr. Foul Means – The Formation of a Slave Society in Virginia, 1660-1740. (University of North Carolina Press; Chapel Hill, 2003).
5 Ibid., 37.
6 Ibid., 44.
7 Ahmed Shawki. Black Liberation and Socialism (Haymarket Books; Chicago, 2006), 27.
8 Parent. Foul Means, 60-61.
9 Ibid., 69.
10 Ibid., 105.
11 Isaac Jefferson. Memories of a Monticello Slave. (University of Virginia Press; Charlottesville, 1951), 35.
12 Robert McColley. Slavery and Jeffersonian Virginia. (University of Illinois Press; Urbana, 1964), 4.
13 Ibid., 5.
14 Ibid., 6.
15 Ibid., 34.
16 Ibid., 116.
17 Parent. Foul Means, 106-107.
18 Paul D’amato. The Meaning of Marxism. (Haymarket Books; Chicago, 2006), 171
19 Marylynn Salmon. Women and the Law of Property in Early America. (University of North Carolina Press; Chapel Hill, 1986), 65.
20 Brenda E. Stevenson. “Gender Convention, Ideals, and Identity Among Antebellum Virginia Slave Women”. More than Chattel eds. Darlene Clark Hine, John McCluskey Jr., David Barry Gasper. (Indiana University Press; Bloomington, 1996), 171.
21 Ibid., 172.
22 Ibid., 176-177.
23 Parent. Foul Means, 200.
24 Ibid., 207.

Israeli Nationalism = National Socialism?

Israel has currently been launching its offensive against Gaza for the last seventeen days. As of 1:12PM EST, about 1,010 Palestinians have been killed; almost half of them are civilian women and children.[i] This number does not include those who are currently experiencing slow deaths in the hospital and death as a result of no mobility for ambulances.

When the attacks first took place, I was listening to WNIR based in Akron, Ohio. Bob Golic was the talking head that was on the station as I turned it on. His comments ring a lot of truth when looking at this conflict from the perspective of the conservative right. Mr. Golic was accusing the “liberal media” of being biased against Israel by supporting the people of Gaza. In my current viewing of mainstream media, I have not seen a bias toward Israel. Most of the mainstream “liberal media” fails to recognize the people in Gaza as defending themselves. The conflict, as portrayed in the “liberal media”, still shows Palestinians as the enemy. However, the media is emphasizing on how many people the Israeli government have been killing. It is not the fact that Israel is killing people that are making people upset in the “liberal media”, it is the amount. There is a big difference.

There is one important question that the media also fails to recognize. Who broke the cease fire agreement? Was it really Hamas that violated the peace as most American media outlets claim? Israel killed five Palestinians in November, in which Hamas responded with rocket fire. [ii]

However, in my opinion, it does not matter who broke the cease fire. What matters is that this conflict is out of control, and is a result of the establishment of Israel as a state. Before Israel illegally declared an independent Jewish state in 1947, all of Palestine was under a British mandate[iii]. This mandate was eventually given to the United Nations, who in 1947 tried to draw borders for two states in British Palestine.[iv]

Theodor HerzlHowever, before any of this can be understood, a brief history of the Zionist movement and what it represents must be discussed. The Zionist movement gained a lot of momentum when Theodor Herzl wrote “Der Judenstatt” (The Jews’ State) in 1896. By 1897, the Zionist Congress called for an establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine. It called for the colonization of Jewish workers, establishing Jewish-only institutions, increasing awareness of Jewish nationalism and seeking “governmental approval for Zionsim’s goal”.[v] I will be writing more on the Zionist movement at a later date.

The first waves of European Jews entering Palestine led to the creation of militant Israeli terrorist organizations which included members such as Ariel Sharon, Ben-Gurion, and Menachem Begin. The Jewish population began to segregate their establishments, calling for Jewish only groups and a Jewish nationalist party.[vi] Also, during this time Begin led an operation to bomb the King David hotel, killing many British soldiers and Arab and Jewish workers. Policies of ethnic cleansing were also carried out in Arab villages. Like Ariel Sharon in genocide mode.the conquests of the Old Testament, Israeli terrorist groups would slaughter men, women, and children of entirely Arab populated villages.[vii] When Israel declared a Jewish state, the population was only 33% Jewish, while the remaining 67% were not ethnically Jewish.[viii]

When Israel formed the state in 1947, most of the international community did not recognize its legitimacy. As soon as the state was established, Israel was invaded by Egypt and Trans-Jordan as well as other surrounding Arab countries.[ix] It is understandable why these countries would invade. Israel slaughters entire Arab populations of villages and then declares a state.

In 1967, Israel attacked Egypt, destroying fighter planes and taking complete control of the air. This allowed Israel, with a smaller military, to defeat Egypt and gain control of the Sinai Peninsula and the West Bank.[x]

Israel began to build settlements in Sinai (which has gone back to Egypt) and the West Bank.[xi] What does it mean to build settlements and why is it such a big deal? According to international law, any country that is occupying a territory is not allowed to transport their population to form settlements on occupied land.[xii] However, since the beginning of the building of settlements, Israeli bulldozers and military units have demolished over 18,000 Palestinian homes (it is worth noting that Palestinian have bulldozed 0 Israeli homes), creating a large refugee and homeless population.[xiii]

The policy of ethnic cleansing has been in motion for over sixty years.  Since the United States declared the “war on terror”, Israel has been able to step up the offensive against Palestinians. On of the eve of the United States invasion of Iraq, Israel dropped bombs over a gathering of civilians after trying to get to the body of a Hamas leader who had just been killed with a targeted IDF missile.[xiv] The actions of the Israeli government do not only affect Hamas and other Palestinian militants. The actions of the IDF are affecting a large civilian population in areas that have the highest concentrated populations in the world.

Ben-Gurion declaring Israel's indepdence.So what can be done? Why does Israel continue to have such large support from the United States, and the people of the United States? Why is Israel considered a victim when it is the aggressor? Some of the questions can be answered by looking at some of my other blog entries in the archive. In the future, I plan to continue to write on this issue. I will be presenting articles on the Zionist movement and AIPAC/CUFI. I also advise everyone to please check all of my citations for more information.


[i] Rory McCarthy, Palestinian death toll in Gaza reaches 1,000,” The Guardian, 14 January 2009; available from http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jan/14/gaza-city-fighiting-israel-un; accessed 14 January 2009.

[ii] “CNN Confirms Israel Broke Ceasefire,” YouTube, 05 January 2009; available from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KntmpoRXFX4; accessed 14 January 2009.

[iii] “The Palestine Mandate,” Yale Law School, available from http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/palmanda.asp; accessed 14 January 2009.

[iv]“A-RED-181(II) General Assembly Resolution 181,” UNdemocracy, available from http://www.undemocracy.com/A-RES-181(II); accessed 14 January 2009.

[v] Dilip Hiro, “The Essential Middle East.” (Carroll & Graf Publishers: New York, 2003), 275-276.

[vi] Arthur Goldschmidt Jr. & Lawrence Davidson, “A Concise History of the Middle East Eight Edition.” (Westview Press: Colorado, 2006), 275-295.

[vii] Salmann Abu Sita, “The roots of Sharon’s legacy,” Al-Ahram Weekly, 26 January 2006; available from http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/print/2006/779/re91.htm; accessed on 14 January 2009.

[viii] “History of Israel: 1947 UN Partition Proposal,” Representative Press; avaiable from http://www.representativepress.org/IsraelHistory.html; accessed 14 January 2009.

[ix] Goldschmidt Jr., “A Consice History of Middle East,” 292.

[x] Ibid., 330-335

[xi] Ibid.,

[xii] “Euphemisms for Israeli settlements confuse coverage,” FAIR, 26 June 2002; available from http://www.fair.org/press-releases/settlement-euphemisms.html; accessed 14 January 2009.

[xiii] “Demolition Statistics since 1967,” Israeli committee Against House Demolitions; available from http://www.icahd.org/eng/articles.asp?menu=6&submenu=2&article=402; accessed 14 January 2009.

[xiv] “The Killing Zone,” Google Video; available from http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=5863204188744026936&ei=ozNXSb_LD5TuqAKjrMieBQ&q=The+Killing+Zone; accessed 14 January 2009.